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Abstract: Cell signaling is a basic fundamental process through which cells communicate and transcends the information to each other throughout the body. There are several different mechanisms through which every information is transferred in our body and by which many biological functions are carried out. In this review we’ll discuss cell signaling, its types, major cell receptors namely G-protein coupled receptors, ligand gated ion channels, enzyme linked receptors and nuclear receptors. Some signals might be up to a short distance while some might travel a long space by which they are categorized as endocrine and paracrine signaling which is also highlighted in this review. Keywords: Intercellular signaling, Intracellular signaling, G-protein coupled receptor, Enzyme linked receptor, Ligand gated ion channels, Nuclear receptor Introduction Cell signaling  It can be defined as the ability of a cell to receive and process and transmit the signal. Cellular signaling starts as th...

Pitch, a highly viscous material derived from tar which behaves as a very slow flowing fluid at room temperature. The viscosity of pitch is about 230 billion times that of water. At a first glance, pitch looks like brittle solid which can be shattered by hammer but as a matter of fact, it is a very thick fluid even at room temperature. In 1927, Professor Thomas Parnell of university of Queensland in Australia, started an experiment to illustrate the liquidity of pitch. He took a sample of heated pitch and poured in to a sealed funnel and allowed it to settle for 3 years. Then in 1930, the seal from funnel was taken off and pitch was allowed to flow. A transparent bell jar covers the funnel and beaker. The first drop fell after 8 years in December 1938. And till today, only 9 drops have fallen. The last and 9th drop fell in April 2014. The next drop is expected to fall sometime in next decade. Initially, the experiment was not conducted under any special...

A cup of hot tea or coffee which kickoff the day for most of the people across the globe. It is common known beverages. China and India are the lead producers of tea where as Brazil and Vietnam are the key producers of coffee. In general, we take tea or coffee because it helps to reduce sleepness and make brain sharp so that we can work effectively. But ever wonder how they act as CNS stimulants and how it reduce drowsiness or sleepness ? If yes then here is how it works. Constituents in Tea and Coffee Generally, tea or coffee contains methylxanthines (a group of alkaloid) like caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. Nuts of cocoa plants also contains caffeine, present in cola flavored drinks. A cup of hot coffee contain about 100-200 mg of caffeine while a cup of hot tea contain approx 25-50 mg caffeine. Caffeine and Theophylline They both have very similar kind of CNS stimulant effect. Humans can experience reduction in fatigue, leading to sleeplessness, i...

Heart, the essential organ which pumps blood to each and every organs of the body. But sometimes it may not function properly due to many kind of diseases and disorders. Here is the list of terms used for heart problems. ➤ Related to Conduction • Arrythmia - Irregular heartbeat  • Fibrillation - Irregular and disorganized heart rhythm • Flutter - Regular but very rapid heart rhythm • Bradycardia - Slow heart rate (below 60 beats per min) • Tachycardia- Rapid heart rate (over 100 beats per min) • Bundle Branch Block - Blockage of impulse travelling through bundle branch • Palpitation - Abnormality of heartbeat • Premature Ventricular Contraction - Abnormal heartbeat in ventricles ➤ Vascular • Aneurysm - An abnormal  blood-filled swelling of an artery or vein which results in weakening that particular area of blood vessel • Atherosclerosis - Hardening of Arteries • Coarctation of Aorta - Severe narrowing of the aorta...

The attempt to explore the Red Planet started a long ago since 1960. It is definitely hard to sent a small thing from Earth to far about 225 million km to Mars. But after many upssets we manage to reach the Red Planet. Let's take a look on the list of missions to the Red Planet. 1) Marsnik  1 - Launched on October 10, 1960 - USSR Mars probe - Failed to reach Earth's orbit 2) Marsnik 2 - Launched on October 14, 1960 - USSR Mars probe - Failed to reach Earth's orbit 3) Sputnik 22 - Launched on October 24, 1962 - USSR Mars Flyby - Failed to reach Earth's orbit 4) Mars 1 - Launched on November 1, 1962 - USSR Mars Flyby - Communication failed on the way 5) Sputnik 24 - Launched on November 5,  1962 - USSR Mars Lander - Failed to leave Earth's orbit 6) Mariner 3 - Launched on November 5, 1964 - USA Mars Flyby - Solar panels failed to open preventing flyby 7) Mariner 4 - Launched on November 28, 1964 - USA Mars Flyby - Marine...

Around 16 people have died brain damaging Nipah virus in India, according to media reports, while many other victims are being treated at hospitals. Sudden appearance of such lethal virus have shocked the nation as well as neighboring country like Nepal. The Nipah virus was first identified during an outbreak of disease that took place in Kampung Sungai Nipah, Malaysia in 1998. After that in Bangladesh in 2004, the human became infected consumption of date palm sap. By looking at the mortality rate it can be said that the Nipah virus is more dangerous than the Ebola virus as the mortality rate of the Nipah virus is about 70 per cent while Ebola virus have 50 per cent. On the level of 1 to 4, the Nipah virus is considered as a BioSafety Level 4 (BSL-4) pathogen, which means the virus is highly dangerous and infection caused by these type of virus are frequently fatal. Also the BSL-4 lab are extremely isolated and located in a separate building. Also the World Health Organ...

                                                                    Image of Borrachero Plant A noxious drug infamous for it's evil effects which can draw out free will and sweep away the memory of the victim. A drug called Scopolamine also known as Devil's Breath, which is extracted from the 'Borrachero Plant' commonly found in the Colombia. The drug is classified under Anticolinergic that can inhibit the action of acetylcholine at a receptor site. The compound is said to have hallucinating effects and leads to lack of free will. The criminals on the streets of Colombia use it since a long time to loot the people. Generally, the powder form of drug is blown on the victim's face or added in the drinks. Then after few minutes it start showing its hypnotising effects and wipe out free will of the victim. After...